PART 2: Evolution Of CALL
During Psychology and Sociology, I have learned that Darwin suggested about human evolution his theory. He stated that as time goes, human develop their thinking and lifestyle to meet with the need of technologies today.Not only human, animals like butterflies also undergone through some evolution in their life. Evolution is applicable to many things including computer and technologies. CALL has undergone through some evolutions too.
Here are the process of CALL starting from Behaviouristic CALL (BC) → Communicative CALL → Integrated CALL.
A. Behaviouristic CALL
Behaviouristic CALL was developed based on behaviourist learning theory. It is about how the learners' behaviors are shaped from the application of positive and negative reinforcement. From what I have learned, this theory is you will get motivated when you get a reward. It depends on the learners' behavior in accomplishing the task given.
The usage of Behaviouristic CALL is primarily for an Audio-Lingual method. It aims to transfer textbooks and worksheets to computer-based application. From what I see is that instead of having your teacher to repeat parts of the lesson like when your teacher dictates words by words, Behaviouristic CALL is seen as the ultimate teacher's aid because of it's tireless drillmaster with a perfect pronunciation model. Hence, it is one of the programme instruction that involves repetitive drill and practice.
The Stanford Project
Criticism
Behaviouristic CALL that based on Operant Conditioning by B.F.Skinner was the started of evolution CALL. It received some of the criticisms as this theory is related to the training of animal. They criticized that students are passive responders, not the initiators. I have learned that CALL activities should be build on intrinsic motivation and foster interactivity either between the learners or between the teachers and the learners.
B. Communicative CALL
Communicative CALL focuses on the usage of language rather than perfect grammar. This program teaches grammar to the students implicitly and creating an environment where the usage of language becomes natural and authentic. It allows the children to generate their own original utterances rather being forced.Thus, Communicative CALL emphasizes more on active students' performance and encouraging them to become part of initiators groups rather than passive respondents which makes the learning experience more entertaining.
In Communicative CALL, computer act as a tutor in students' education. Computer can guide the students but it cannot judge the students. Computer focuses more on stimulus, communication and non-drill format skill practice.Students are trained to enhance their critical thinking while learning. Thus, they have more control, choices and interaction in answering and responding to the questions.
Examples of using Communicative Call:
Rosetta Stone
Pronunciation Couch
The benefits of this program is that it emphasizes on students performance. With greater students involvement, the learning experience become much more authentic and entertaining. Communicative CALL can be used widely and the the programs are usually affordable. Therefore, lots of people like me prefer to use Communicative CALL during teaching and learning process.
C. Integrated CALL
Integrated CALL is the integration of real word materials into CALL.Integrated CALL become popular with the development of high speed internet and widely accessible hypermedia. It began with the use of CD-ROMs to store large amounts of authentic media that can be used as materials. Hence, that is why with Integrated CALL, we should feel grateful as it is made available anytime and anywhere if only we have access to the internet.
Hypermedia
From what I have learned, hypermedia is a non linear medium of information that include texts, audio and graphical media. It helps to connect us from one information to another in web. Hypermedia or also also known as the extension of hypertext includes both interactive and non interactive media. Example of application that I can think of are like blogs or websites. I stated these examples because they are used to search and provide materials to the learners and in return, the learners could write their review and share the information back to others using the same application.
Computer Mediated Communication (CMC)
Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) is a two way of communication. Example is by using computer application, students can communicate with other speakers and learners of the language. Believe it or not, I just realised that I have used CMC for many times. Examples, I communicate with others using Facebook, email, whatsApp and etc not only for the sake of communication but for education purpose too!
I think it is a great opportunity for me to learn about this topic because I can relate it to my own experiences and looking at others as well.
Conclusion
Learning using computer and its applications are very interesting and engaging students like me to apply it in a real life situation. With the availability of internet and technology, many core ideas of Computer Assisted Language Learning are changing. Although some people might say Behaviouristic and Communicative CALL are outdated but they are still used by most of us. Hence, let's appreciate, learn and apply those applications in our daily life.
😎 That is all for what I have learned.😁 Do not hesitate to ask me if you have any questions.
Wait for my next entry😄
Until then, be safe and take care people. 💖
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